May 10, 2026
Projections from mathematical models and evidence from clinical studies
Vaccines reduce the spread of drug-resistant infections and antibiotic use.
Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV)
- One study found that there are 576 to 1,173 cases of typhoid per 100,000 children per year in urban areas of India.
- TCVs have demonstrated high effectiveness, providing approximately 85 percent direct protection and 57 percent overall population protection, with effectiveness reaching ~95 percent against typhoid and ~97 percent against extensively drug-resistant strains in outbreak settings.
- Mathematical modeling shows a 46 to 74 percent reduction in typhoid cases with routine and catch-up TCV vaccination.
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs)
- Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, with India accounting for approximately 20 percent of global pneumonia deaths and bearing one of the highest burdens globally.
- PCVs demonstrate 45.6 percent efficacy against vaccine-type pneumonia and 75 percent against invasive pneumococcal disease in adults, along with strong indirect effects, including up to a 74 percent reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease in children and a 47 percent reduction in unvaccinated adults.
- One study shows an 8 percent reduction in antimicrobial use following PCV introduction.
Influenza Vaccine
- Annual influenza-associated mortality in India is estimated at ~127,000 deaths.
- Influenza vaccination significantly reduces antibiotic use. Meta-analyses show a 37 percent reduction in antibiotic prescribing and a 21 percent reduction in antibiotic courses, along with a 28.1 percent reduction in days taking antibiotics among adults.
- Studies show influenza vaccination prevents 5.6 percent of acute respiratory infections and approximately 1 in 25 antibiotic prescriptions.
